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非洲现金贷观察:数字信贷-肯尼亚信贷市场上最紧迫的问题-真的吗?|出海非洲现金贷岛群第18期

2020-02-02 20:16:17

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值得称赞的是,尽管关注数字信贷的潜在和实际风险,却冒着将我们的集体视线从更广阔的信贷市场上转移的风险,这对肯尼亚的经济产生了更大的影响。

 

最近,有关亚马逊丛林中森林火灾的大惊小怪。突然地,当我们的世界“肺”濒临灭绝时,世界似乎处于悬崖的边缘。想象一下,我们呼吸的大量氧气在烟雾中的产生者!在我有机会深入了解这个问题之前,我读了一篇文章,将整个事情都放在了眼前。在这个抽奖博客中,我试图在大范围森林大火的爆炸性增长和兴奋的chat不休的增长之间进行类比,后者引起了通过数字设备即时提供的无处不在的有限价值信用的兴起。

 

FSD肯尼亚当前的2016-2021年战略基于这样一个事实,即财务是个人和组织之间的时空资源流动,因此社会成员可以优化日常管理,降低风险并为未来进行投资。在理想(完美)的市场中,这将无缝地发生,并且每个人都会变得更好。多年来,我在FSD工作的一部分是从事我们的信贷市场工作。在过去的两年中,由于以数字方式提供贷款的最新孩子的“狂野西部”性质,引起了越来越多的警惕性对话。

 

自从CBA / Safaricom解决方案M-Shwari于2012年推出以来,肯尼亚的数字信贷便开始爆炸式增长,引起了政策,金融部门发展和消费者保护圈的关注。这些主要是合法的担忧,主要围绕过度负债,信用咨询局(CRB)报告违约者,高利率,缺乏监管,资金来源等问题。尽管值得称赞,但仅关注数字信贷的潜在和实际风险,却冒着将我们的集体视线从更广泛的信贷市场上转移的风险,这对肯尼亚的经济产生了更大的影响。

 

金融信贷涉及从盈余(节省)的人到赤字(借款人)的资源(现金,商品或服务)的中介。当然,关键条件是借款人可以在目前的时间有效地利用这些资源来产生足够的价值,并愿意并能够在将来的某个时候偿还。用简单的话来说,信用是金融随着时间转移金钱的方式之一。

 

那么,可以认为信贷市场包括发起,打包,组织,定价,交付,接收,使用,监控,偿还,收集和报告信贷交易的所有个人和机构。对于信贷市场中的供应方(储蓄者)而言,以这种方式进行投资的动机是在获得回报的同时将其资本暴露于尽可能少的风险中。尽管一些储户(特别是那些以商品或服务形式提供信贷的储户)决定自己承担信贷市场的许多功能,但大多数储户通常为了较小但更确定的回报和更高的安全性而放弃了对中介机构的这种权利。首都。

 

因此,这些中介机构的主要目的是确保其存款人的盈余安全,并找到在一段时间内允许使用这些资金以获得可观回报的有用方法。涉及信贷市场的一些正规的受管制和不受管制的中介机构,包括银行,萨科斯,小额信贷机构,风险基金,一些投资集团,储蓄集团,金融服务协会,发展金融机构等。非正式信贷市场包括家人和朋友,“高利贷者”等。在肯尼亚,存在各种政府监管机构,以监督中介机构的稳定性以及借款人和储户的消费者的安全。审慎(稳定)和市场行为(安全)监管的成熟度和执行水平各不相同,这导致了金融部门违规后果的不一致。反过来,这种缺乏统一性导致一些冒险的中介机构在其各种产品中推挤了可接受的实践的界限。

 

所有这些金融市场参与者在其借贷活动中都面临着信息不对称的巨大问题。在关系开始时,贷方对借款人特征的信息有限,这将最大程度地降低还款风险。诸如借款人如何处理过去的贷款,贷款的还款来源,其他活跃贷款的数量之类的信息既难以获得,更重要的是,收集起来可能既昂贵又耗时。

 

在现实世界中,这种信息不对称的问题以“ 20页”申请表的形式呈现给借款人,无休止的信息索取,担保人和担保人或过多的抵押品(150万肯尼亚先令)20万肯尼亚先令的贷款。如果贷方感觉到对客户的判断有误,那么过度的热情收取,高额收费,罚款和激进的定价(利率)是寻求回报的结果。这些做法具有信贷配给的集体作用。信息不对称问题的直接结果是,受监管的正式信贷市场发展停滞,肯尼亚也存在同样强劲但具有潜在开采性的不受监管的非正式市场。

 

自2005年成立以来,FSD肯尼亚一直致力于通过促进适当信贷市场基础设施的发展来扩大获得适当信贷解决方案的机会。将基础设施视为解决方案可以有效运行的铁路网络。在这种情况下,基础设施包括信用信息共享机制,全面的担保交易制度和信用市场监管。在信贷市场基础设施发达的国家,信贷市场已经扩大,其方式是公开好坏借款人的数据,从而能够利用更适当的抵押品,并通过清晰,完整和可执行的游戏规则保护借款人和贷方。

 

尽管肯尼亚在发展信贷市场基础设施方面取得了长足的进步,但仍有许多工作要做。话虽如此,基于技术的数字金融的发展已经使思想丰富的思想家和金融业的创新者有余地通过在数字平台上创建替代形式的信贷,来尝试跨越基础设施发展的步伐。希望这可以克服当前基础架构的不足,以最大程度地减少信息不对称带来的挑战。

 

随着新的数字贷方每个月进入市场取得不同程度的成功,并且电话呼叫的范围越来越远,以不同的方式控制,监管,保护或对待小额借款人,请记住这只是最新的信贷形式,这对我们很有帮助。数字信用本质上是更大信用市场中的交付工具。请记住,尽管许多问题困扰着新生的数字信贷,但信贷市场的创新在于减少信息不对称带来的不确定性和交易成本。

 

因此,处理与数字信用有关的问题,但我会告诉任何愿意听的人,“在亚马逊地区扑灭森林大火并不等于解决气候变化问题!”

 



Digital Credit – The most pressing problem in Kenyan credit markets – Really?

The focus on the potential and real risks of digital credit, while commendable, runs the risk of taking our collective eye off the wider credit market, which has a much more significant impact on Kenya’s economy.

 

Recently there was a huge fuss about forest fires burning in the Amazon Jungle. Suddenly, the world seemed at the edge of a precipice as our “lungs” of the world seemed on the verge of extinction.  Imagine the producer of much of the oxygen we breathe going up in smoke!  Before I had a chance to get bothered under the skin about this, I read an article that put the whole thing in perspective.  In this draw blog I try to draw an analogy between this blowup over extensive forest fires and the growth of excited chattering that has greeted the rise of ubiquitous limited value credit delivered instantaneously over digital devices.

 

FSD Kenya’s current strategy 2016-2021 is predicated upon the fact that finance is the flow of resources through time and space, between individuals and organizations, so members of society can optimize managing day to day, mitigate risks and invest for the future.  In an ideal (perfect) market, this would happen seamlessly with everyone becoming better off.   Part of my work over the years at FSD has been engaging with our credit market work.  The last two years have seen increasingly alarmist conversation arising over the “wild west” nature of the latest kid on the block, digitally delivered loans. 

 

The explosion of digital credit in Kenya since its inception with the CBA/Safaricom solution M-Shwari, launched in 2012, has raised concern in policy, financial sector development and consumer protection circles. These largely legitimate worries, center around over-indebtedness, Credit Reference Bureau (CRB) reporting of defaulters, high interest rates, lack of regulation, source of funding among other concerns. This singular focus on the potential and real risks of digital credit, while commendable, runs the risk of taking our collective eye off the wider credit market, which has a much more significant impact on Kenya’s economy.

 

Financial credit involves the intermediation of resources (cash, goods or services) from those who have a surplus (savers) to those who have a deficit (borrowers). Of course, key conditions are that borrowers can productively use these resources in the present to generate enough value and be willing and able to repay at some point in the future.  In simpler terms, credit is one of the ways in which finance moves money through time.

 

The credit market then, can be thought of comprising all the individuals and institutions who originate, package, structure, price, deliver, receive, use, monitor, repay, collect and report credit transactions.  For the supply side (savers) in the credit market, the incentive to invest their money in this way is to earn a return while exposing their capital to as little risk as possible.   Although some savers (particularly those giving credit in the form of goods or services) decide to take on many of the functions of the credit market themselves, most give up this right to intermediaries usually for a smaller but more sure return and more security of their capital.

 

The main purpose of these intermediaries is therefore to keep the surplus of their depositors safe and to find useful ways of granting use of these funds for a time to earn a respectable return.  Some of the formal regulated and unregulated intermediaries involved in the credit market, include banks, Saccos, microfinance institutions, risk funds, some investment groups, savings groups, financial service associations, development finance institutions, among others. The informal credit market consists of family and friends, “loan sharks” and others. In Kenya, various government regulators exist to oversee both the stability of the intermediaries and the safety of consumers, both borrowers and savers.  Prudential (stability) and market conduct (safety) regulation is at various levels of maturity and enforcement and this leads to inconsistency in the consequences of breaches by the financial sector.  In turn this lack of uniformity leads some adventurous intermediaries to push the envelope of acceptable practice in their various offerings.   

 

In their lending activity, all these financial market players face the considerable problem of information asymmetry.  At the outset of relationships, lenders have limited information about characteristics of the borrower that would minimize the repayment risk.  Information such as how a borrower has handled past loans, source of repayment for the loan, number of other active loans, is both hard to come by and more importantly, can be expensive and time consuming to gather. 

 

In the real world this problem of information asymmetry presents itself to borrowers as a “20 page” application form, endless requests for information, getting sureties and guarantors or the over collateralization (KShs 1.5 million piece of land for a KShs 200,000 loan).  Should the lender sense a mistake in judgement about a customer in the offing, overly enthusiastic collection practices, high fees, penalties and aggressive pricing (interest rates) are the consequence of return seeking.  These practices have the collective effect of credit rationing.  A direct result of the problem of information asymmetry is a stunted regulated formal credit market and an equally robust but potentially extractive unregulated informal market as exists in Kenya.

 

Since its inception in 2005, FSD Kenya has been involved in efforts to expand access to appropriate credit solutions by catalyzing the development of appropriate credit market infrastructure.  Think of infrastructure as the rail network upon which the solutions can operate effectively.   In this case infrastructure consists of credit information sharing mechanisms, a comprehensive secured transaction regime and credit market regulation.  In countries with developed credit market infrastructure, credit markets have expanded by exposing the data of good and bad borrowers, enabling more appropriate collateral to be utilized and protecting borrowers and lenders with clear, complete and enforceable rules of the game.

 

While Kenya has made great strides in the development of its credit market infrastructure a great deal remains to be done.  That said the advancement of technology-enabled digital finance has given forward thinkers and financial sector innovators leeway to experiment with leapfrogging the pace of infrastructure development by creating alternative forms of credit on digital platforms.  This is hoped might overcome the inadequacy of current infrastructure to minimize the challenges presented by information asymmetry.

 

As new digital lenders come to market each month with varying degrees of success, and calls increase from far and wide to control, regulate, protect or treat small borrowers differently, it is helpful to remember that this is just the latest form of credit, that digital credit is essentially a delivery tool in a larger credit market. Please remember, despite the many issues that plague nascent digital credit, innovation in the credit market is about reducing uncertainty and transaction costs brought about by information asymmetry. 

 

Therefore, deal with issues that come up related specifically to digital credit but I will tell anyone who will listen, “putting out the forest fires in the Amazon is not the equivalent of solving the problem of climate change!”

 



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